The approach is applied toa plant bakery composed of two production lines. Inthis paper, the definition of P-time Event Graphs is generalizedby introducing the model ofTime Supervisor Placewhich restrictsthe time behavior of a set of places. Using this partition of the subsystemsand particularly exploiting the time margins corresponding toidle times of machines, the approach allows an optimization ofthe non-critical time durations when the extremum cycle timesand the resources are the constant parameters of the problem. A firsttechnique is based on an adaptation of the classical Mart ́ınez andSilva’s algorithm, where each solution gives a critical subsystem,while a second approach checks each inequality of the system byan optimality verification.
A prior step is thedetermination of the critical subsystems, whose variations caninfluence these optimal values and affect the obtainment of therelevant trajectories, and the non-critical subsystems leading totime margins. The aim of thispaper is the optimization of the time durations in order toachieve a given rate of production when the quantity of resources(number of pallets, machines.), usually represented by the initialmarking, is assumed to be a fixed datum. Leaf senescence rates in the absence of water stress were 0.03% (☌d) −1 between anthesis and mid grain-fill, and increased to 0.2% (☌d) −1 towards the end of grain filling.Abstract : Considering Time Interval Models, which can de-scribe a large class of models including Timed Event Graphsand P-time Event Graphs, a general aim is to control the systemsuch that it follows a 1-periodic behavior starting from an initialstate with a minimal or maximal cycle time. TGA-FTIR Analysis of Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Components (cellulose, xylan, lignin) in Isothermal Conditions over a Wide Range of Time Durations. More rapid leaf senescence occurred for early and late plantings, and this was attributed to source–sink imbalances caused by assimilate accumulation or shortage. Provided temperature was ≥19 ☌, low daily irradiance (11 MJ m −2 d −1) did not significantly reduce KGR. Kernel growth rate (KGR) was more stable across PDs and hybrids when TT was used (0.36–0.38 mg (☌d) −1). When the activity is entered, it schedules a corresponding. With late planting, higher pre-flowering radiation (≥21 MJ m −2 d −1) and temperatures (≥17 ☌) increased CGR while low post-flowering radiation (13 MJ m −2 d −1) and temperature (15.7 ☌) reduced CGR. A non-interrupting timer boundary event must have either a time duration or time cycle definition. When rainfall between emergence and flowering was ≥234 mm, increases in average daily irradiance (19.5–21.4 MJ m −2 d −1) and mean temperature (15–18 ☌) increased pre-flowering crop growth rate (CGR) by 1 g m −2 (☌d) −1. Date and time expressions use Date or Duration values to produce a DateTime, Date, Time, Duration, or Number value. Sub-optimal temperatures and radiation under late plantings triggered a source limitation, leading to assimilate remobilization, reduced grain filling duration and resulted in higher grain moistures at physiological maturity (36% vs. The phyllochron averaged 47 ☌d, but increased to 51 ☌d when soil temperature, radiation and precipitation between emergence and tassel initiation were respectively >22 ☌, ≤17 MJ m −2 d −1 and ≤30 mm.
Though not significantly different to 8 ☌, a base temperature of 8.6–9.4 ☌ ( T b8.6– T b9.4) adequately estimated thermal time (TT) durations for the emergence-flowering phase while T b0 was more satisfactory for estimating grain filling duration.ĭelayed planting either reduced (Waikato) or increased (Manawatu) the emergence-flowering duration and this was associated with changes in leaf number and phyllochron length. Field experiments were established in the Waikato and Manawatu regions of New Zealand over two cropping seasons (2006–2007), differing primarily in rainfall and soil type, to establish how planting date (PD) influenced maize phenology and growth processes across a range of environmental conditions.
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